The problem of mass hierarchies has remained one of the most persistent open questions in elementary particle physics. The author's contributions to this problem, detailed in this thesis, consist of addressing the appearance of low-scale axions in string-implemented models of flavor hierarchies, and of using the flavor hierarchies present in natural supersymmetry to develop methods for studying properties of the standard-model-like Higgs boson at the LHC. We find string-motivated models of mass hierarchies which have safe QCD axions at low scales arising from a combination of the Green-Schwarz and Froggatt-Nielsen mechanisms. Supersymmetric extensions of these setups can lead to scenarios of `natural' supersymmetry, where the sparticles which have the largest couplings to the Higgs are the lightest. This leads us to exploit this feature in studying properties of the Higgs at the LHC. We find that it can be reconstructed as a resonance in the bottom dijet channel, and measurements of its branching ratios can be made with minimal backgrounds.